I am a Senior Lecturer in Health and Social Care at LJMU, teaching on BA Health and Social Care (module lead for Development Across the Life Course and Media, Technology, Health & Society) and MSc Public Health programmes (module lead for Research Methods and Health Improvement). I also teach other individual lectures on other Public Health and Health and Social Care modules, and guest lecture on frailty at UCL twice a year.
My research interests include promoting physical and mental health in later life, including understanding how we can best prevent and manage conditions such as frailty, sarcopenia, depression and anxiety, through interventions such as exercise, nutrition, health education, natural products and behaviour change interventions. I also have an interest in how green spaces support physical and mental wellbeing. My main research methods include evidence reviews, trials, qualitative research and surveys.
I currently supervise four doctoral students and a range of MSc and BSc dissertation projects. I am happy to consider new PhD students if you have a proposal that fits my areas of expertise.
Degrees
PhD: Adherence Diaries: How can they be optimised for use in home-based rehabilitation? Glasgow Caledonian University. 2012-2015.
MSc Health Sciences, University of York, 2011-2012
BSc Herbal Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, 2008-2011
Academic appointments
2023-Present Liverpool John Moores University: Senior Lecturer in Health and Social Care
2020-2023 University College London: Senior Research Fellow & Trial Manager
2015-2020 University College London: Research Fellow
Degrees
2015, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom, PhD Adherence diaries: How can they be optimised for use in home-based rehabilitation?
2012, University of York, United Kingdom, MSc Health Sciences
2011, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom, BSc (Hons) Herbal Medicine
Journal article
Salame A, Mathew S, Bhanu C, Bazo-Alvarez JC, Bhamra SK, Heinrich M, Walters K, Frost R. 2025. Over-the-counter products for insomnia in adults: a scoping review of randomised controlled trials Sleep Medicine, 129 :219-237 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Duque S, Piotrowicz K, Masud T, Wissendorff Ekdahl A, Herghelegiu AM, Pavic T, Kravvariti E, Bogdanović N, Bonin-Guillaume S, Martínez Velilla N, Roller Wirnsberger R, Vassallo M, Kossioni A, Frost R, Macijauskiene J, Koca M, Benetos A, Petrovic M, Kotsani M. 2025. Building a pan-European network to bridge gaps in geriatric medicine education: the PROGRAMMING COST Action 21,122-a call for endorsement. European Geriatric Medicine, :1-13 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Barrado-Martín Y, Frost R, Catchpole J, Rookes TA, Gibson S, Avgerinou C, Gardner B, Gould RL, Chadwick P, Hopkins J, Drennan VM, Kharicha K, Marston L, Kumar R, Elaswarapu R, Jowett C, Walters KR. 2025. Understanding how older people with mild frailty engage with behaviour change to support their independence: a qualitative study BMJ Open, 15 :1-11 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Walters K, Frost R, Avgerinou C, Kalwarowsky S, Goodman C, Clegg A, Marston L, Pan S, Hopkins J, Jowett C, Elaswarapu R, Gardner B, Mahmood F, Prescott M, Thornton G, Skelton DA, Gould RL, Cooper C, Drennan VM, Kharicha K, Logan P, Hunter R. 2025. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a home-based health promotion intervention for older people with mild frailty in England: a multicentre, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 6 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
AlSwayied G, Frost R, Hamilton FL. 2024. Menopause knowledge, attitudes and experiences of women in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study BMC Women's Health, 24 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Uddin S, Mathew S, Thomas V, Salame A, Bhamra SK, Bazo-Alvarez JC, Bhanu C, Heinrich M, Walters K. 2024. What over the counter (OTC) products have been evaluated for anxiety in adults aged 18–60? A scoping review Journal of Mental Health, DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Aker N, Griffiths S, Kupeli N, Frost R, Nair P, Walters K, Melo LJ, Davies N. 2024. Experiences and access of palliative and end of life care for older people from minority ethnic groups: a scoping review BMC Palliative Care, 23 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Burnand A, Rookes T, Mahmood F, Davies N, Walters K, Orleans‐Foli S, Sajid M, Vickerstaff V, Frost R. 2024. Non‐Pharmacological Interventions in the Management of Dementia‐Related Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 39 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Mathew S, Thomas V, Uddin S, Salame A, Vial C, Cohen T, Bhamra SK, Alvarez JCB, Bhanu C, Heinrich M, Walters K. 2024. A scoping review of over-the-counter products for depression, anxiety and insomnia in older people BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 24 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Rookes TA, Nimmons D, Frost R, Armstrong M, Davies L, Ross J, Hopkins J, Mistry M, Taylor S, Walters K. 2024. Effectiveness of complex behaviour change interventions tested in randomised controlled trials for people with multiple long-term conditions (M-LTCs): systematic review with meta-analysis BMJ open, 14 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Azevedo PS, de Melo RC, de Souza JT, Frost R, Gavin JP, Robinson K, Boas PJFV, Minicucci MF, Aprahamian I, Wachholz PA, Hinslif-Smith K, Gordon AL. 2024. Frailty identification and management among Brazilian healthcare professionals: a survey BMC Geriatrics, 24 :1-8 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Guo H, AlSwayied G, Frost R, Rait G, Burns F. 2024. Barriers and facilitators to health-care access by older Chinese migrants in high-income countries: a mixed-methods systematic review Ageing and Society, :1-40 DOI Publisher Url Public Url
Allison AL, Frost R, Murtagh N. 2024. Promoting planting in front gardens: a systematic approach to intervention development UCL Open Environment, 6 :1-25 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Murtagh N. 2024. Understanding how we can encourage front gardening: Analysing capability and opportunity factors from a nationally representative survey Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 96 DOI Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Robinson K, Gordon A, Caldeira de Melo R, Villas Boas PJF, Azevedo PS, Hinsliff-Smith K, Gavin JP. 2023. Identifying and Managing Frailty: A Survey of UK Healthcare Professionals Journal of Applied Gerontology, DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Lowe A, Pinto Pereira SM. 2023. “It Makes You Feel Alive and Younger…but It’s Stressful …My Back and Legs Ache”: A Focus Group Study Encouraging Resistance Training Around Retirement Journal of Applied Gerontology, 43 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Murtagh N, Frost R. 2023. Motivations for urban front gardening: A quantitative analysis Landscape and Urban Planning, 238 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Tan M, Bhanu C, Frost R. 2023. The association between frailty and anxiety: A systematic review International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 38 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Aker N, Frost R, Walters K, West E, Davies N. 2023. Health inequalities for older people from minority ethnic groups receiving palliative care and end of life care: A scoping review protocol Aslam MS. PLoS ONE, 18 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost RH, Murtagh N. 2023. Encouraging planting in urban front gardens: a focus group study Perspectives in Public Health, 143 :80-88 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
AlSwayied G, Guo H, Rookes T, Frost R, Hamilton FL. 2022. Assessing the Acceptability and Effectiveness of Mobile-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Midlife Women During Menopause: Systematic Review of the Literature JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 10 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Nair P, Walters K, Aw S, Gould R, Kharicha K, Buszewicz MC, Frost R. 2022. Self-management of depression and anxiety amongst frail older adults in the United Kingdom: A qualitative study Mehrabi E. PLoS ONE, 17 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Read J, Frost R, Walters K, Tuijt R, Manthorpe J, Maydon B, Pigott J, Schrag A, Davies N. 2022. Transitions and challenges for people with Parkinson’s and their family members: A qualitative study Hitzig SL. PLoS ONE, 17 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Avgerinou C, Goodman C, Clegg A, Hopkins J, Gould RL, Gardner B, Marston L, Hunter R, Manthorpe J, Cooper C, Skelton DA, Drennan VM, Logan P, Walters K. 2022. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a personalised health promotion intervention enabling independence in older people with mild frailty (‘HomeHealth’) compared to treatment as usual: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial BMC Geriatrics, 22 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Poole L, Frost R, Rowlands H, Black G. 2022. Experience of depression in older adults with and without a physical long-term condition: Findings from a qualitative interview study BMJ Open, 12 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Pilati I, Slee A, Frost R. 2022. Sarcopenic Obesity and Depression: A Systematic Review Journal of Frailty and Aging, 11 :51-58 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Armstrong M, Tuijt R, Read J, Pigott J, Davies N, Manthorpe J, Frost R, Schrag A, Walters K. 2021. Health care professionals’ perspectives on self-management for people with Parkinson’s: qualitative findings from a UK study BMC Geriatrics, 21 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Bhamra SK, Pendry B, Heinrich M. 2021. COVID-19 and herbal practice: A United Kingdom practitioner survey Advances in Integrative Medicine, 8 :256-260 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Tuijt R, Rait G, Frost R, Wilcock J, Manthorpe J, Walters K. 2021. Remote primary care consultations for people living with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences of people living with dementia and their carers British Journal of General Practice, 71 :E574-E582 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Tuijt R, Frost R, Wilcock J, Robinson L, Manthorpe J, Rait G, Walters K. 2021. Life under lockdown and social restrictions - the experiences of people living with dementia and their carers during the COVID-19 pandemic in England BMC Geriatrics, 21 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Walters K, Wilcock J, Robinson L, Harrison Dening K, Knapp M, Allan L, Rait G. 2021. Mapping post-diagnostic dementia care in England: an e-survey Journal of Integrated Care, 29 :22-36 DOI Publisher Url
Farina N, Suemoto CK, Burton JK, Oliveira D, Frost R. 2021. Perceptions of dementia amongst the general public across Latin America: a systematic review Aging and Mental Health, 25 :787-796 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Frost R, Rait G, Aw S, Brunskill G, Wilcock J, Robinson L, Knapp M, Hogan N, Harrison Dening K, Allan L, Manthorpe J, Walters K. 2021. Implementing post diagnostic dementia care in primary care: a mixed-methods systematic review Aging and Mental Health, 25 :1381-1394 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Tuijt R, Rees J, Frost R, Wilcock J, Manthorpe J, Rait G, Walters K. 2020. A qualitative review of areas of conflict within post‐diagnostic healthcare in dementia triads Alzheimer's & Dementia, 16 DOI Publisher Url
Frost R, Rait G, Wheatley A, Wilcock J, Robinson L, Harrison Dening K, Allan L, Banerjee S, Manthorpe J, Walters K. 2020. What works in managing complex conditions in older people in primary and community care? A state-of-the-art review Health and Social Care in the Community, 28 :1915-1927 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Wheatley A, Bamford C, Brunskill G, Harrison Dening K, Allan L, Rait G, Robinson L, PriDem Study project team . 2020. Task-shifted approaches to postdiagnostic dementia support: a qualitative study exploring professional views and experiences. BMJ open, 10 :e040348 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Frost R, Walters K, Wilcock J, Rait G, Aw S, Brunskill G, Robinson L, Knapp M, Harrison Dening K, Allan L, Manthorpe J. 2020. Effectiveness of different post-diagnostic dementia care models delivered by primary care: A systematic review British Journal of General Practice, 70 :E434-E441 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Melo RCD, Cervato CJ, Aprahamian I, Gavin J, Robinson K, Frost R, Azevedo PS, Villas-Boas P, Hinsliff-Smith K, Gordon AL. 2020. Identifying and managing frailty in Brazil: a scoping review protocol JBI evidence synthesis, 18 :849-856 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Tuijt R, Rees J, Frost R, Wilcock J, Manthorpe J, Rait G, Walters K. 2020. Exploring how triads of people living with dementia, carers and health care professionals function in dementia health care: A systematic qualitative review and thematic synthesis Dementia, 20 :1080-1104 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Nair P, Bhanu C, Frost R, Buszewicz M, Walters KR. 2020. A Systematic Review of Older Adults' Attitudes Towards Depression and Its Treatment Gerontologist, 60 :E93-E104 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Frost R, Nair P, Aw S, Gould RL, Kharicha K, Buszewicz M, Walters K. 2019. Supporting frail older people with depression and anxiety: a qualitative study Aging and Mental Health, 24 :1977-1984 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Avgerinou C, Gardner B, Kharicha K, Frost R, Liljas A, Elaswarapu R, Manthorpe J, Drennan VM, Goodman C, Iliffe S, Walters K. 2019. Health promotion for mild frailty based on behaviour change: Perceptions of older people and service providers Health and Social Care in the Community, 27 :1333-1343 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Xie JYY, Frost R, Meakin R. 2019. Not quite a doctor, but should i help? A qualitative exploration of medical students' attitudes towards responding to medical emergencies that occur in the public domain BMJ Open, 9 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Beattie A, Bhanu C, Walters K, Ben-Shlomo Y. 2019. Management of depression and referral of older people to psychological therapies: A systematic review of qualitative studies British Journal of General Practice, 69 :E171-E181 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Bauernfreund Y, Walters K. 2018. Non-pharmacological interventions for depression/anxiety in older adults with physical comorbidities affecting functioning: Systematic review and meta-analysis International Psychogeriatrics, 31 :1121-1136 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Kharicha K, Jovicic A, Liljas AEM, Iliffe S, Manthorpe J, Gardner B, Avgerinou C, Goodman C, Drennan VM, Walters K. 2018. Identifying acceptable components for home-based health promotion services for older people with mild frailty: A qualitative study Health and Social Care in the Community, 26 :393-403 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Drennan V, Walters K, Avgerinou C, Gardner B, Goodman C, Frost R, Kharicha K, Iliffe S, Manthorpe J. 2018. Moving upstream in health promoting policies for older people with early frailty in England? A policy analysis Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 23 :168-175 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Walters K, Frost R, Kharicha K, Avgerinou C, Gardner B, Ricciardi F, Hunter R, Liljas A, Manthorpe J, Drennan V, Wood J, Goodman C, Jovicic A, Iliffe S. 2017. Home-based health promotion for older people with mild frailty: The homehealth intervention development and feasibility RCT Health Technology Assessment, 21 :1-127 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Belk C, Jovicic A, Ricciardi F, Kharicha K, Gardner B, Iliffe S, Goodman C, Manthorpe J, Drennan VM, Walters K. 2017. Health promotion interventions for community-dwelling older people with mild or pre-frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis BMC Geriatrics, 17 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Frost R, Levati S, McClurg D, Brady M, Williams B. 2017. What Adherence Measures Should Be Used in Trials of Home-Based Rehabilitation Interventions? A Systematic Review of the Validity, Reliability, and Acceptability of Measures Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98 :1241-1256.e45 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Frost R, McClurg D, Brady M, Williams B. 2016. Optimising the validity and completion of adherence diaries: A multiple case study and randomised crossover trial Trials, 17 DOI Author Url Publisher Url Public Url
Levati S, Campbell P, Frost R, Dougall N, Wells M, Donaldson C, Hagen S. 2016. Optimisation of complex health interventions prior to a randomised controlled trial: A scoping review of strategies used Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 2 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Frost R, O'Meara S, MacPherson H. 2014. The external use of comfrey: A practitioner survey Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 20 :347-355 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Frost R, MacPherson H, O'Meara S. 2013. A critical scoping review of external uses of comfrey (Symphytum spp.) Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21 :724-745 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Cervato CJ, Buarque GLA, Robinson K, Frost R, Gavind J, Perracini MR, Melo RCD. Defining, reporting, and monitoring near-falls in older adults: a scoping review protocol Geriatrics, Gerontology and Aging, 15 DOI Publisher Url
Conference publication
Burnand A, Frost R, Walters K, Rookes T, Davies N. 2024. Non-pharmacological interventions in the management of dementia-related psychosis The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 74 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Barrado-Martín Y, Frost R, Catchpole J, Rookes T, Gibson S, Hopkins J, Gardner B, Gould R, Chadwick P, Jowett C, Kumar R, Drennan VM, Elaswarapu R, Kharicha K, Avgerinou C, Marston L, Walters K. 2024. 1947 Process evaluation of a home-based intervention to promote independence among older people living with mild frailty Age and Ageing, 53 DOI Publisher Url
preprint
Kalwarowsky S, Hopkins J, Prescott M, Mahmood F, Thomas V, Thornton G, Campbell S, Andrusjak W, Avgerinou C, Walters K, Frost R. 2024. Recruiting older people with mild frailty from the community to a trial: what works? Research Square Platform LLC DOI Publisher Url
AlSwayied G, Guo H, Rookes T, Frost R, Hamilton FL. 2022. Assessing the acceptability and effectiveness of mobile-based physical activity (PA) interventions for midlife women during menopause: A systematic review of the literature (Preprint) JMIR Publications Inc. DOI Publisher Url
Nair P, Walters KR, Aw S, Gould RL, Kharicha K, Buszewicz M, Frost R. 2022. Self-management of depression and anxiety amongst frail older adults in the United Kingdom: a qualitative study Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory DOI Publisher Url
Other
Frost R, Avgerinou C, Kalwarowsky S, Mahmood F, Goodman C, Clegg A, Hopkins J, Gould R, Gardner B, Marston L, Hunter R, Kharicha K, Cooper C, Skelton DA, Drennan V, Logan P, Walters K. 2023. Enabling health and maintaining independence for older people at home (HomeHealth trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial Lancet (London, England), 402 :S42 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Barrado-Martín Y, Frost R, Catchpole J, Rookes T, Gibson S, Avgerinou C, Gardner B, Gould R, Chadwick P, Jowett C, Hopkins J, Kumar R, Elaswarapu R, Marston L, Kharicha K, Drennan VM, Walters K. 2023. Goal setting as part of a holistic intervention to promote independence in older people with mild frailty: a process evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial Lancet (London, England), 402 :S1 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Rookes T, Frost R, Barrado-Martin Y, Marston L, Cooper C, Gardner B, Armstrong M, Walters K. 2023. Type of goals set and progress towards these goals, as part of a behaviour change intervention, in people with mild cognitive impairment: a secondary analysis Lancet (London, England), 402 :S80 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
Editorial/letter to the editor
Frost R, Nimmons D, Davies N. 2020. Using Remote Interventions in Promoting the Health of Frail Older Persons Following the COVID-19 Lockdown: Challenges and Solutions Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21 :992-993 DOI Author Url Publisher Url
External committees:
Averil Osborn Participatory Research Award Panel, British Society of Gerontology, Panel member, https://www.britishgerontology.org/bsg-awards/bsg-averil-osborn-award-for-participatory-research/the-awards-panel. 2024
British Society of Gerontology Executive Committee, British Society of Gerontology, Treasurer, https://www.britishgerontology.org/. 2021
Research Grants Awarded:
Alice Burnand (Co-PI), Rachael Frost (Co-PI), Tasmin Rookes, Nathan Davies, Stephen Orleans-Foli, Madiha Sajid, Victoria Vickerstaff, Kate Walters, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, Evaluating non-pharmacological interventions in the management of dementia-related psychosis (D-RP): a systematic review, Grant value (£): £17,436, Duration of research project: 6 months, https://www.spcr.nihr.ac.uk/research/projects/non-pharmacological-interventions-for-dementia-related-psychosis. 2023
Rachael Frost (lead), Verity Thomas, Sukvinder Kaur Bhamra, Juan Carlos Bazo Alvarez, Cini Bhanu, Michael Heinrich, Kate Walters, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, A scoping review of over-the-counter products for depression, anxiety and insomnia in older people, Grant value (£): £51,712, Duration of research project: 6 months, https://www.spcr.nihr.ac.uk/research/projects/otc-products-for-later-life-mental-health. 2022
Snehal Pinto-Perreira (co-lead) & Rachael Frost (co-lead), UCL Grand Challenge of Human Wellbeing, Transitioning to strength: investigating barriers and enablers to resistance training at the transition to retirement., Grant value (£): £3532, Duration of research project: 8 months. 2021
Niamh Murtagh (co-lead) & Rachael Frost (co-lead), UCL Health of the Public, Green Fronts – Gardening for Public Health, Grant value (£): 14000, Duration of research project: 6 months. 2021
Kate Walters (lead), Benjamin Gardner, Christina Avgerinou, Rachael Frost, Jane Hopkins, Kalpa Kharicha, Andrew Clegg, Claire Goodman, Claudia Cooper, Dawn Skelton, Louise Marston, Philippa Logan, Rachael Hunter, Vari Drennan, NIHR Health Technology Assessment, Clinical and cost-effectiveness of a personalised health promotion intervention enabling independence in older people with mild frailty (‘HomeHealth’): A Randomised Controlled Trial, Grant value (£): £1,814,229, Duration of research project: 3 years, https://fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/NIHR128334. 2020
Rachael Frost (Co-PI), Kate Walters (Co-PI), Pushpa Nair, Rebecca Gould, Kalpa Kharicha, Marta Buscewicz, NIHR School for Primary Care Research, Management of anxiety and depression in frail older people: a qualitative study, Grant value (£): £56,833, Duration of research project: 9 months, https://www.spcr.nihr.ac.uk/research/projects/management-of-anxiety-and-depression-in-frail-older-people-a-qualitative-study. 2017
Kate Walters (Co-lead), Rachael Frost (co-lead), NIHR Health Technology Assessment, Study Within a Project as part of HomeHealth RCT: Exploring the impact of multiple long term conditions on behaviour change within a service to maintain independence in older people with mild frailty., Grant value (£): £49,605.47.
Membership of professional bodies:
Member, College of Practitioners of Phytotherapy. 2020
Media Coverage:
Too many older people given 'antidepressants instead of therapy' (opens in a new tab) 2019
External PGR Supervision - completed students:
University College London, PhD, Exploring healthcare experiences from perspectives of dementia care triads: a longitudinal qualitative study with people living with dementia, their carers and their health care professionals.
University College London, PhD, Understanding The Role of Remote Services in Primary Care Access for Older Chinese Migrants in the UK.